Introduction

What is a Network?
A network is simply a group of two or more Personal Computers linked together.

What is a Network Networking?
A computer networking is a system for communication among two or more computers. These networks may be fixed (cabled, permanent) or temporary (as via modems).

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Types of Networking

Types of Networking
One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common examples of area network types are:

• LAN – Local Area Network
• WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network
• WAN – Wide Area Network
• MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
• SAN – Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network
• CAN – Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network
• PAN – Personal Area Network
• DAN – Desk Area Network

LAN and WAN were the original categories of area networks, while the others have gradually emerged over many years of technology evolution.

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Computer Networking – How It Works?
Computer networking is a process of sharing data and shared resources between two or more connected computers. The shared resources can include printer, Fax modem, Hard disk, CD – DVD Rom, Database and the data files. A computer network can be divided into a small or local area network, a networking between computers in a building of a office (LAN), medium sized network (MAN), a network between two offices in a city and Wide network (WAN) a network between the computers, one is locally and the other can be thousands of miles away in any other country of the world.

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Types of Network Topologies

In networking, the term “topology” refers to the layout of connected devices on a network. One can think of a topology as a network’s virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find an actual ring topology there. Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types : bus, ring, star, tree, mesh. More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.

Types of network topologies are:

• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Tree Topology
• Mesh Topology

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Hardware used in a network and their functions

The basic network components today are:

• Cables
• Network Adapter Cards
• Hubs
• Switching Hubs

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Network Operating System (NOS)

A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system system that is designed primarily to support workstation, personal computer, and, in some instances, older terminal that are connected on a local area network (LAN). Here are some examples of network operating systems:

• Artisoft’s LANtastic
• Banyan VINES
• Novell’s NetWare
• Microsoft’s LAN Manager

In addition, some multi-purpose operating systems, such as Windows NT and Digital’s OpenVMS come with capabilities that enable them to be described as a network operating system. A network operating system provides printer sharing, common file system and database sharing, application sharing, and the ability to manage a network name directory, security, and other housekeeping aspects of a network.

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Network and Communication Protocol

In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection. Five different protocols are:

TCP/IP
FTP
HTTP
SMTP
POP

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